In the fourth chapter, political scientists Troy Bouffard, Andrea Charron, and Jim Fergusson examine “two Russias”: one an adherent to international law constructively engaging in liberal internationalism through the Arctic Council and other fora, and the another an increasingly belligerent power threatening Western interests. In the face of renewed great power rivalry, the challenge is to balance encouragement of positive behavior in the Arctic while defending against aggressive actions elsewhere in the world and
protecting one’s homeland. The authors argue that increased strategic competition and dual-track signaling from both “Russias” does not mean that war is inevitable. Instead, it is incumbent on NORAD and NATO to take these new Russian capabilities and bellicose signals seriously and to plan accordingly. This includes pushing NORAD defences further out to counter the threat that emerging weapon systems pose to North America, and a rejuvenation of NATO maritime control capabilities (particularly antisubmarine warfare) in the North Atlantic to respond to Russia’s modernization of its Northern Fleet.